Quote:
The assumption that Washington makes is that Africa would still be an ignorant global backwater without the slave trade. This likely would not be the case if people did not institutionalize forced labor, anywhere.
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On what do you base this assumption, exactly? The geography and climate of subsaharan Africa in many ways precluded the development of industrial society.
For instance, part of the reason Europe was able to industrialize was its river systems, which allowed cities, large population, infrastructure and commerce to develop. Africa has a similar river system, but its rivers had the problem of breeding mosquitoes, which in turn carried malaria. As a result, Africans avoided their bodies of water as much as they could, and the societies that developed were perfectly adapted for surviving in the environment, but were ill-equipped to develop to the level that those in Europe and Asia did. (At the same time, this served to effectively bar European settlement until they could effectively combat malaria.)
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